Germany
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The German


Country Profile

Capital City: Berlin

Other Cities: Bremen (543 000) Dortmund (592 000) Düsseldorf (568,000) Essen (603 000) Frankfurt (644 000) AltFrankfurt Images of the Old City of Frankfurt am Main, once Europe's largest preserved medieval city Hamburg (1.7 million) Hannover (516 000) Köln (964 000) The Official Web Site of the City of Cologne München (1.2 million) The Official Web Site of the City of Munich Stuttgart (582 000)

Local Time : CET = UTC +1h

Geography:
Area: 357 000 sq. km. (137 821 sq. mi.)
Terrain: Low plain in the north; high plains, hills, and basins in the center and east; mountainous alpine region in the south. Border Countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland

Climate: Generally moderate continental climate without sustained periods of cold or heat, maritime climate in the North, in the South mountain climate in the Alpine regions.

Government:
Type: Federal Republic
Founded: 1949 (Basic Law, i.e., Constitution, promulgated on 23 May 1949).
On the 3rd October 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic unified in accordance with Article 23 of the FRG Basic Law.


People:
Nationality: Noun and adjective--German(s)
Population (2003 est.): 83 million
Ethnic groups: Primarily German; Danish minority in the north, Sorbian (Slavic) minority in the east; 7.3 million foreign residents.
Religions: Protestants (27.9 million), Catholics (27.3 million); approximately 3.2 million Muslims.
Language: German, second languages: English, French, Turkish.

Business

Currency: Euro (EUR)

Natural resources: Coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land.
Agriculture products: Potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry.

Industries: Among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages; shipbuilding; textiles.

Exports partners: France 10.6%, USA 9.3%, UK 8.4%, Italy 7.4%, Netherlands 6.2%, Austria 5.3%, Belgium 5.1%, Spain 4.9%, Switzerland 4% (2003)

Imports partners: France 9.2%, Netherlands 8.4%, USA 7.3%, Italy 6.3%, UK 6%, Belgium 4.9%, China 4.7%, Austria 4% (2003)

Official Sites

Bundespräsident

Bundesregierung online

Umweltbundesamt (UBA)

Auswärtiges Amt

Diplomatic Missions
The German UN Mission

The German Embassy

German Missions abroad

Addresses of Foreign Missions in Germany

Statistics
Statisches Bundesamt Deutschland

Weather
Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)

wetter.de

Maps
Map of Germany

Introduction

Germany

Background:  As Europe's largest economy and most populous nation,
Germany remains a key member of the continent's economic, political,
and defense organizations.  European power struggles immersed the country
in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and
left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK,
France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two
German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany
(FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic
FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations,
the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the
front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the
end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then
Germany has expended considerable funds to bring eastern productivity
and wages up to western standards. In January 2002, Germany and 11 other
EU countries introduced a common European currency, the euro.

Geography Germany

Location:  Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea,
between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

Geographic coordinates:  51 00 N, 9 00 E

Map references:  Europe

Area:  total: 357,021 sq km water: 7,798 sq km land: 349,223 sq km

Area - comparative:  slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries:  total: 3,621 km border countries: Austria 784 km,
Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km,
Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km

Coastline:  2,389 km

Maritime claims:  continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:  temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
occasional warm foehn wind

Terrain:  lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

Elevation extremes:  lowest point: Freepsum Lake -2 m highest point:
Zugspitze 2,963 m

Natural resources:  iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium,
copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land

Land use:  arable land: 34% permanent crops: 1% other: 65% (1998 est.)

Irrigated land:  4,850 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:  flooding

Environment - current issues:  emissions from coal-burning utilities
and industries contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from
sulfur dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea
from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany;
hazardous waste disposal; government established a mechanism for ending
the use of nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to
meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with
the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive

Environment - international agreements:  party to: Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur
94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed,
but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:  strategic location on North European Plain and along
the entrance to the Baltic Sea

People Germany

Population:  83,251,851 (July 2002 est.)

Age structure:   15.4% (male 6,568,699; female 6,227,148) 15-64 years:
(male 5,546,140; female 8,607,361) (2002 est.)

Population growth rate:  0.26% (2002 est.)

Birth rate:  8.99 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Death rate:  10.36 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Net migration rate:  3.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Sex ratio:  at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.64 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2002 est.)

Infant mortality rate:  4.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:   81.09 years (2002 est.)  male: Total fertility
rate:  1.39 children born/woman (2002 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:  0.1% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:  37,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:  600 (1999 est.)

Nationality:  noun: German(s) adjective: German

Ethnic groups:  German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely
of Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Russian, Greek, Polish, Spanish)

Religions:  Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated
or other 28.3%

Languages:  German

Literacy:  definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 99% (1977 est.)  male: NA% female: NA%

Government Germany

Country name:  conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany
conventional short form: Germany local short form: Deutschland
former: German Empire, German Republic, German Reich local long form:
Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Government type:  federal republic

Capital:  Berlin

Administrative divisions:  16 states (Laender, singular - Land);
Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg,
Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen,
Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein,
Thueringen

Independence:  18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided
into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945
following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany)
proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones;
German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October
1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Germany
and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four powers formally
relinquished rights 15 March 1991

National holiday:  Unity Day, 3 October (1990)

Constitution:  23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of
the united German people 3 October 1990

Legal system:  civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review
of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:   President Johannes RAU (since 1 July 1999) elections:
all members of the Federal Assembly and an equal number of delegates
elected by the state parliaments; election last held 23 May 1999 (next
to be held 23 May 2004); chancellor elected by an absolute majority
of the Federal Assembly for a four-year term; election last held 27
September 1998 (next to be held 22 September 2002) head of government:
or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the chancellor election results: Johannes RAU elected
president; percent of Federal Convention vote - 57.6%; Gerhard SCHROEDER
elected chancellor; percent of Federal Assembly - 52.7%

Legislative branch:  bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of
the Federal Assembly or Bundestag (656 seats usually, but 666 for the
1998 term; note - the number of seats will be reduced to 598 for 2002
elections; elected by popular vote under a system combining direct and
proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote
or three direct mandates to gain representation; members serve four-year
terms) and the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments
are directly represented by votes; each has 3 to 6 votes depending
on population and are required to vote as a block) elections: Federal
Assembly - last held 27 September 1998 (next to be held 22 September
2002); note - there are no elections for the Bundesrat; composition
is determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the
composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one
of the 16 states holds an election election results: Federal Assembly -
percent of vote by party - SPD 40.9%, Alliance '90/Greens 6.7%, CDU/CSU
35.1%, FDP 6.2%, PDS 5.1%; seats by party - SPD 294, Alliance '90/Greens
47, CDU/CSU 245, FDP 43, PDS 37; Federal Council - current composition
- NA

Judicial branch:  Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht
(half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat)

Political parties and leaders:  Alliance '90/Greens [Claudia ROTH and
Fritz KUHN]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian
Social Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party
or FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE, chairman]; Party of Democratic Socialism or
PDS [Gregor GYSI]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Gerhard SCHROEDER,
chairman]

Political pressure groups and leaders:  employers' organizations;
expellee, refugee, trade unions, and veterans groups

International organization participation:  AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group,
BDEAC, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU,
FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE,
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOVIC,
UNOMIG, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:   Ambassador Wolfgang Friedrich
ISHINGER consulate(s):  Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York,
San Francisco FAX: [1] (202) 298-4249 telephone: [1] (202) 298-8140
chancery: 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007

Diplomatic representation from the US:  chief of mission: Ambassador
Daniel R. COATS embassy: Neustaedtische Kirchstrasse 4-5, 10117 Berlin;
note - a new embassy will be built near the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin
mailing address: PSC 120, Box 1000, APO AE 09265 telephone: [49] (030)
8305-0 FAX: [49] (030) 238-6290 consulate(s) general: Duesseldorf,
Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich

Flag description:  three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red,
and gold

Economy Germany

Economy - overview:  Germany's affluent and technologically powerful
economy turned in a relatively weak performance throughout much of the
1990s. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy
continues to be a costly long-term problem, with annual transfers
from west to east amounting to roughly $70 billion. Germany's ageing
population, combined with high unemployment, has pushed social security
outlays to a level exceeding contributions from workers. Structural
rigidities in the labor market - including strict regulations on
laying off workers and the setting of wages on a national basis -
have made unemployment a chronic problem. Business and income tax cuts
introduced in 2001 did not spare Germany from the impact of the downturn
in international trade, and domestic demand faltered as unemployment began
to rise. The government expects growth to gain pace in the second half of
2002, but to fall short of 1% for the year again. Corporate restructuring
and growing capital markets are setting the foundations that could allow
Germany to meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration
and globalization, particularly if labor market rigidities are addressed.

GDP:  purchasing power parity - $2.174 trillion (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:  0.6% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:  purchasing power parity - $26,200 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:  agriculture: 1% industry: 28% services: 71%
(2000)

Population below poverty line:  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:  lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:  30 (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):  2.4% (2001)

Labor force:  41.9 million (2001)

Labor force - by occupation:  industry 33.4%, agriculture 2.8%, services
63.8% (1999)

Unemployment rate:  9.4% (2001)

Budget:  revenues: $802 billion expenditures: $825 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)

Industries:  among the world's largest and most technologically advanced
producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles,
machine tools, electronics, food and beverages; shipbuilding; textiles

Industrial production growth rate:  0.2% (2001 est.)

Electricity - production:  537.328 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - production by source:  fossil fuel: 63.08% hydro: 3.65%
other: 3.27% (2000) nuclear: 30%

Electricity - consumption:  501.716 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - exports:  42.5 billion kWh (2000)

Electricity - imports:  44.5 billion kWh (2000)

Agriculture - products:  potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit,
cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry

Exports:  $560.7 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)

Exports - commodities:  machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and
manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles

Exports - partners:  EU 56% (France 11%, UK 8%, Italy 8%, Netherlands 6%,
Belgium/Luxembourg 5%), US 10%, Japan 2% (2000)

Imports:  $472.9 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)

Imports - commodities:  machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs,
textiles, metals

Imports - partners:  EU 52% (France 10%, Netherlands 9%, Italy 7%, UK 7%,
Belgium/Luxembourg 5%), US 9%, Japan 5% (2000)

Debt - external:  $NA

Economic aid - donor:  ODA, $5.6 billion (1998)

Currency:  euro (EUR); deutsche mark (DEM) note: on 1 January 1999, the
European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be
used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002,
the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the
member countries

Currency code:  EUR; DEM

Exchange rates:  euros per US dollar - 1.1324 (January 2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); deutsche marks per US dollar -
1.69 (January 1999), 1.7597 (1998), 1.7341 (1997)

Fiscal year:  calendar year

Communications Germany

Telephones - main lines in use:  50.9 million (March 2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:  55.3 million (June 2001)

Telephone system:  general assessment: Germany has one of the world's
most technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result
of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly
backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to World
War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of the western part
domestic:  exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable,
coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system;
cellular telephone service is widely available, expanding rapidly,
and includes roaming service to many foreign countries international:
Germany's international service is excellent worldwide, consisting of
extensive land and undersea cable facilities as well as earth stations
in the INMARSAT, INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INTERSPUTNIK satellite systems
(2001)

Radio broadcast stations:  AM 51, FM 787, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:  77.8 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:  373 (plus 8,042 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:  51.4 million (1998)

Internet country code:  .de

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):  200 (2001)

Internet users:  28.64 million (2001)

Transportation Germany

Railways:  total: 44,000 km (including at least 20,300 km electrified);
most routes are double- or multiple-track note: since privatization in
1994, Deutsche Bahn AG (DBAG) no longer publishes details of the track it
owns; in addition to the DBAG system there are 102 privately owned railway
companies which own approximately 3,000 to 4,000 km of track (2001 est.)

Highways:  total: 656,140 km paved: 650,891 km (including 11,400 km of
expressways) unpaved: 5,249 km (all-weather) (1998 est.)

Waterways:  7,500 km note: major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel
Canal is an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea
(1999)

Pipelines:  crude oil 2,240 km (2001)

Ports and harbors:  Berlin, Bonn, Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Cologne,
Dresden, Duisburg, Emden, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Luebeck, Magdeburg,
Mannheim, Rostock, Stuttgart

Merchant marine:  total: 388 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
5,758,942 GRT/7,132,525 DWT ships by type: cargo 132, chemical tanker
10, container 219, liquefied gas 3, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 7,
railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 4, short-sea
passenger 7 note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as
a flag of convenience: Chile 1, Finland 5, Iceland 1, Netherlands 3,
Switzerland 1 (2002 est.)

Airports:  625 (2001)

Airports - with paved runways:  total: 325 over 3,047 m: 11 2,438 to 3,047
m: 55 914 to 1,523 m: 67 under 914 m: 127 (2001) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 65

Airports - with unpaved runways:   2 2,438 to 3,047 m: Heliports:  59
(2001)

Military Germany

Military branches:  Army, Navy (including naval air arm), Air Force,
Medical Corps, Joint Support Service

Military manpower - military age:  18 years of age (2002 est.)

Military manpower - availability:  males age 15-49: 20,854,329 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:  males age 15-49: 17,734,977
(2002 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:  males: 482,318
(2002 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:  $38.8 billion (2002)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:  1.38% (2002)

Transnational Issues Germany

Disputes - international:  none

Illicit drugs:  source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine
processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian
heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs

This page was last updated on 1 January 2002

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